Red Hat NETSCAPE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 6.1 - COMMAND-LINE Instalační příručka

Red Hat Linux 7.3The Official Red Hat LinuxGetting Started Guide

x Introductionleopard login:user inputText that the user has to type, either on the command line, or into a text box on a GUI screen, isdisplayed in t

100 Chapter 10. Working with Images

Chapter 11.Shell Prompt Basics11.1. Why Use a Shell PromptGraphical environments for Linux have come a long way in the past few years. You can be perf

102 Chapter 11. Shell Prompt BasicsThe result was the Bourne Again Shell, or bash. Although your system came with several differentshells, bash is the

Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basics 103If you are currently in directory3 and you want to switch to directory1, you need to move up inthe directory tree.E

104 Chapter 11. Shell Prompt BasicsCommand Functioncd / takes you to the entire system’s root directorycd /root takes you to the home directory of the

Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basics 10511.5. View Directory Contents with lsNow that you know how to change directories, it is time to learn how to view t

106 Chapter 11. Shell Prompt BasicsFigure 11-4. Sample ls Output for the /etc DirectoryHere is a short list of some popular options to use with ls. Re

Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basics 107The locate command works very quickly, as long as the database is up to date. That database is auto-matically updat

108 Chapter 11. Shell Prompt BasicsSometimes, you may accidentally open a program file or some other non-text file in a terminal window.Once you close t

Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basics 109Figure 11-5. Redirecting Output to a FilePress [Enter] to go to an empty line and use the [Ctrl]-[D] keys to quit c

Introduction xi3. Copying and Pasting Text With XCopying and pasting text is easy using your mouse and the X Window System. To copy text, simplyclick

110 Chapter 11. Shell Prompt BasicsFigure 11-6. Joining Files and Redirecting OutputYou can see that cat has added home.txt where sneakers.txt ended.1

Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basics 111Figure 11-7. Stringing Commands and Comparing Files11.9.3. Redirecting Standard InputNot only can you redirect stan

112 Chapter 11. Shell Prompt BasicsTipTo read startup messages more closely, at a shell prompt, type dmesg | less. You will be able toread the file one

Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basics 113head can be a useful command, but because it is limited to the first several lines, you will not see howlong the file

114 Chapter 11. Shell Prompt BasicsWe know the file is called "sneak____.txt," so type:ls sneak*.txtand there is the name of the file:sneakers

Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basics 115cat sneakrs.txtNothing happens, of course, because there is no sneakrs.txt file. No problem. We will just use theup-

116 Chapter 11. Shell Prompt BasicsRemember that commands are case sensitive, so the command to start Mozilla must be in lowercaseto start the browser

Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basics 117Figure 11-9. Permissions for sneakers.txtOther information to the right of the group includes file size, date and ti

118 Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basics11.14.1. The chmod CommandUse the chmod command to change permissions easily. This example shows how to change the

Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basics 119Figure 11-10. Changing Permissions for sneakers.txtTo remove read and write permissions from sneakers.txt use the c

xii IntroductionTo read more about technical support for Official Red Hat Linux, refer to the Getting Technical Sup-port Appendix in the Official Red Ha

120 Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basics[sam@halloween sam]$ cat sneakers.txtcat: sneakers.txt: Permission denied[sam@halloween sam]$Removing all permissio

Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basics 121If you do not allow others to have execute permission to tigger, it will not matter who has read orwrite access. No

122 Chapter 11. Shell Prompt Basicschmod 644 sneakers.txtNow verify the changes by listing the file. Type:ls -lsneakers.txtThe output should be:-rw-r--

Chapter 12.Managing Files and DirectoriesThe GNOME file manager Nautilus and the KDE file manager Konqueror are powerful and im-portant tools for managi

124 Chapter 12. Managing Files and Directories• /tmp — Reserved directory for all users to store temporary files. Files stored here are not perma-nent.

Chapter 12. Managing Files and Directories 12512.2.3. System Files• .conf — a configuration file• .lock — a lock file; determines whether a program or de

126 Chapter 12. Managing Files and Directoriesoften or files that you want to save but do not use anymore. You can even create an archive file andthen c

Chapter 12. Managing Files and Directories 127TipFor more information, type man bzip2 and man bunzip2 at a shell prompt to read the man pages forbzip2

128 Chapter 12. Managing Files and DirectoriesTipFor more information, type man zip and man unzip at a shell prompt to read the man pages for zipand u

Chapter 12. Managing Files and Directories 129This command creates an archive file and then compresses it as the file filename.tbz. If you un-compress t

Chapter 1.Getting StartedThe first step to using your Red Hat Linux system is to log in. When you log in, you are basicallyintroducing yourself to the

130 Chapter 12. Managing Files and DirectoriesTo copy a file, type the following command:cp source destinationreplacing source with the name of the file

Chapter 12. Managing Files and Directories 13112.4.4. Deleting Files and DirectoriesYou learned about creating files with the touch command, and you cr

132 Chapter 12. Managing Files and DirectoriesA safer alternative to using rm for removing directories is the rmdir command. With this command,you wil

Chapter 13.Updating and Adding Packages to Red HatLinuxRed Hat Linux consists of various software applications and utilities, known as RPM packages. A

134 Chapter 13. Updating and Adding Packages to Red Hat Linux13.2. Errata ListIt is recommended that new users use Red Hat Network to download and ins

Chapter 14.Frequently Asked QuestionsThis chapter answers some of the most common questions about using Red Hat Linux that you mayask as you become mo

136 Chapter 14. Frequently Asked Questions# .bashrc# User specific aliases and functions# Source global definitionsif [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then. /etc/b

Chapter 14. Frequently Asked Questions 137The reason you need to use the ./ in order to start the application is because the executable wasn’tplaced i

138 Chapter 14. Frequently Asked QuestionsYou can access another partition on your system (for example, a Windows partition), in two differentways.Fir

Chapter 14. Frequently Asked Questions 139history | grep manYou will see a list of all the commands you typed which have the word man in them.There ar

14 Chapter 1. Getting Started• Panel: A GUI environment toolbar, usually located across the bottom of the screen (Figure 1-2).The panel contains the m

140 Chapter 14. Frequently Asked Questionsforward through the commands) until you find the command you want. Press [Enter] to execute thecommand, just

Chapter 14. Frequently Asked Questions 141Open a shell prompt. If you’re in your user account, su to root by typingsuPassword: yourrootpasswordNow, ty

142 Chapter 14. Frequently Asked QuestionsFigure 14-1. The Opening Dialog of XConfiguratorTo navigate and make selections, use the [Tab] key. When your

Chapter 14. Frequently Asked Questions 143Figure 14-3. The Monitor Setup DialogYou will have quite a few monitor choices — the hash mark (#) indicates

144 Chapter 14. Frequently Asked QuestionsYou can choose modes ranging from 8-bit to 32-bit, depending on the power of your computer andhow many color

Appendix A.ApplicationsThe following table shows some of the Red Hat Linux applications that are available to handle manypopular tasks. This is not a

146 Appendix A. Applications

Appendix B.A Comparison of Common DOS and LinuxCommandsMany Linux commands typed at a shell prompt are similar to the commands you would type in MS-DO

148 Appendix B. A Comparison of Common DOS and Linux CommandsCommand’sPurposeMS-DOS Linux Basic Linux ExampleDisplays yourlocation in the filesystemchd

Appendix C.System DirectoriesThis is a list of the primary Red Hat Linux system directories. Each directory is described briefly. Foradditional directo

Chapter 1. Getting Started 151.2.1. Graphical LoginDuring installation, if you selected graphical as the login type and GNOME as the default desktop,

150 Appendix C. System Directories

Appendix D.Keyboard ShortcutsHere are a few keyboard shortcuts you can use to perform common tasks quickly. Many more areavailable in addition to what

152 Appendix D. Keyboard Shortcuts

IndexSymbols/etc/printcap, 77/etc/printcap.local, 77666permissions, 122777permissions, 122Aappending standard output, 110appletsadding to GNOME’s pane

154DdesktopKDE, 34switch between GNOME and KDE, 17desktopsmultipleKDE, 36DHCP, 55directorieschanging, 102copying, 129deleting, 131descriptions, 149lis

155Ggames and amusements, 87, 87finding more online, 88GIMP, 96opening a file, 96saving a file, 97GNOME, 25applets, 27, 28customizing, 30desktop, 25lates

156Mmain menuin GNOME, 26in KDE, 36mke2fs, 46mkisofs, 51mousehow to use, xiMozilla(See Web browsers)Mozilla Mail(See email clients)mtools, 44mutt(See

RRed Hat Network, 133Red Hat Network Registration Client, 133Red Hat Update Agent, 133redirecting standard input, 111redirection, 108reset, 107resolut

16 Chapter 1. Getting StartedUnless you have chosen to give your machine its own hostname, which is primarily used in a networksetting, your machine w

Chapter 1. Getting Started 17Figure 1-6. A KDE DesktopIf you want to log in to your Red Hat Linux system with a different desktop, select it from the

18 Chapter 1. Getting StartedTo create a user account graphically:1. In GNOME, click the Start Here icon on the panel at the bottom of your desktop. I

Chapter 1. Getting Started 19ImportantYou can be fancy or plain when you pick a user account name, but take precautions when youchoose a password. The

Red Hat Linux 7.3: The Official Red Hat Linux Getting Started GuideCopyright © 2002 by Red Hat, Inc.Red Hat, Inc.1801 Varsity DriveRaleigh NC 27606-207

20 Chapter 1. Getting StartedFigure 1-8. GnoRPMClick on the Install button in the upper left corner of this window. Another screen appears,similar to

Chapter 1. Getting Started 21will look something like rhl-gsg-en-7.2-5.noarch.rpm, so you would type the followingto install the Official Red Hat Linux

22 Chapter 1. Getting StartedIf you chose KDE as your default desktop environment during your installation of Red Hat Linux,your logout screen will lo

Chapter 1. Getting Started 231.8.1. Graphical ShutdownIf you are in the X Window System, log out as discussed in Section 1.7. If you are using the GNO

24 Chapter 1. Getting Started

Chapter 2.The GNOME Desktop Environment2.1. Introducing GNOMEGNOME is one of several graphical desktop environments included with Red Hat Linux. GNOME

26 Chapter 2. The GNOME Desktop EnvironmentFigure 2-1. A GNOME DesktopAs stated previously, the GNOME desktop gives you access to the applications and

Chapter 2. The GNOME Desktop Environment 27From here, you can start most applications included in Red Hat Linux. You will notice that you mayaccess KD

28 Chapter 2. The GNOME Desktop EnvironmentFigure 2-5. Red Hat Network Alert Notification Tool2.4.3. Adding Icons and Applets to the PanelTo make the p

Chapter 2. The GNOME Desktop Environment 29The main frame contains folders and files which you can drag with your mouse to move and copythem into new l

Table of ContentsIntroduction...

30 Chapter 2. The GNOME Desktop Environment2.6.1. Customizing GNOMEWithin the Start Here area you can select the Preferences icon to configure your GNO

Chapter 2. The GNOME Desktop Environment 31Printer Configuration ToolThe Printer Configuration tool allows you to add a new printer to your system. The

32 Chapter 2. The GNOME Desktop Environment

Chapter 3.The KDE Desktop Environment3.1. Introducing KDEKDE is a graphical desktop environment that allows you to access your Red Hat Linux system an

34 Chapter 3. The KDE Desktop Environment3.3. Finding HelpYou can access a comprehensive set of documentation about KDE through the KDE HelpCenter.Fig

Chapter 3. The KDE Desktop Environment 35Figure 3-3. A Typical KDE DesktopThe KDE desktop displays application launchers, document windows, file folder

36 Chapter 3. The KDE Desktop EnvironmentFigure 3-4. The PanelThe panel is highly configurable. You can add and remove buttons that launch applications

Chapter 3. The KDE Desktop Environment 37Figure 3-5. The Desktops Tab in the Panel ConfigurationYou can change the names of your desktops (from Desktop

38 Chapter 3. The KDE Desktop EnvironmentTipAnother way to bring minimized or background windows to the front is to use the [Alt] and [Tab] keys.To pi

Chapter 3. The KDE Desktop Environment 39Figure 3-7. The Konqueror File ManagerYou can navigate through the file system by clicking on folders within t

4. Diskettes and CD-ROMs ... 434.1. Using D

40 Chapter 3. The KDE Desktop Environmentapplication. The navigation panel makes Konqueror an effieient solution for users who wish to havefast and eas

Chapter 3. The KDE Desktop Environment 41• From the K Menu, select Logout.• From the panel, select the Logout icon• From the desktop, right-click on t

42 Chapter 3. The KDE Desktop Environment

Chapter 4.Diskettes and CD-ROMsUsing diskettes and CD-ROMs with Red Hat Linux requires some understanding about removable me-dia. This chapter discuss

44 Chapter 4. Diskettes and CD-ROMsWhen you are done using the diskette, you should unmount it before ejecting it from the drive. To dothis, close any

Chapter 4. Diskettes and CD-ROMs 454.1.3. Putting Linux Files on an MS-DOS DisketteTo copy files from a Linux machine to an MS-DOS formatted diskette s

46 Chapter 4. Diskettes and CD-ROMsFigure 4-3. gfloppy Status Box4.1.4.2. Using KDE Floppy FormatterAnother way to format a diskette for either ext2 or

Chapter 4. Diskettes and CD-ROMs 47On Linux systems, /dev/fd0 refers to the first diskette drive. If your computer has more than onefloppy disk drive, y

48 Chapter 4. Diskettes and CD-ROMs4.2.2. Using CD-ROMs From a Shell PromptIf you use KDE or have problems with the automatic mounting facilities with

Chapter 4. Diskettes and CD-ROMs 49more. Figure 4-7 illustrates the Setup screen and its configuration options. Note that your CD-R(W)drive brand may b

10. Working with Images... 9110.1. View

50 Chapter 4. Diskettes and CD-ROMsFigure 4-8. Using X-CD-Roast to Duplicate CDs4.3.1.2. Using X-CD-Roast to Create a CDIt is always recommended to ba

Chapter 4. Diskettes and CD-ROMs 51To write your tracks to the CD-R(W), click Write Tracks from the panel on the left. In the LayoutTracks tab, highli

52 Chapter 4. Diskettes and CD-ROMsOption FunctionOption Function-o Specify an output filename of the ISO image-J Generate Joliet naming records; usefu

Chapter 4. Diskettes and CD-ROMs 53The command above sets the write speed at 4, the device address as 0,3,0, and sets write output toverbose (-v), whi

54 Chapter 4. Diskettes and CD-ROMs

Chapter 5.Getting OnlineThere are many types of Internet connections including:• ISDN Connection• Modem Connection• xDSL Connection• Cable Modem Conne

56 Chapter 5. Getting OnlinexDSL ConnectionAn xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line or Loop) connection uses high-speed transmissions throughtelephone lines.

Chapter 6.Web BrowsingOnce you have configured your Internet connection (see Chapter 5), you are ready to get online. RedHat Linux comes with several o

58 Chapter 6. Web BrowsingFigure 6-2. Mozilla Profile CreationIf you click Convert Profile, your prior Netscape bookmarks and preferences will be conver

Chapter 6. Web Browsing 59Figure 6-5. Profile Screen With New Profile AddedNow that you have created a user profile, click on Start Mozilla to launch the

12.5. Viewing PDFs ... 13213. Updating and

60 Chapter 6. Web Browsingthat contains additional options. And in the bottom left corner, there are four small icons : Navigator,Mail, Composer, and

Chapter 6. Web Browsing 61Figure 6-8. Nautilus Web SearchOr, you can use the Location: bar to enter path names, URLs, or other types of addresses.When

62 Chapter 6. Web BrowsingFigure 6-9. Welcome to KonquerorWhen you first launch Konqueror, you will be presented with an Introduction screen. This scre

Chapter 6. Web Browsing 63Figure 6-10. The Konqueror Handbook6.4. Using Galeon to Browse the WebGaleon is a GNOME browser, based on Mozilla. It is onl

64 Chapter 6. Web BrowsingFigure 6-11. Configuring GaleonDuring the initial configuration, you have the option of importing bookmarks from Netscape orMo

Chapter 6. Web Browsing 65Figure 6-12. Online with GaleonTipGaleon’s "tabbed browsing" feature can help you avoid having your desktop clutte

66 Chapter 6. Web Browsing

Chapter 7.Email ApplicationsMany popular Web browsers and email applications are one in the same, such as Mozilla, but they donot have to be. Applicat

68 Chapter 7. Email ApplicationsTo launch Evolution in GNOME, go to Main Menu => Programs => Applications => XimianEvolution.Figure 7-1. Evol

Chapter 7. Email Applications 69Figure 7-3. Evolution New Email Message ScreenOnce you have composed a message and entered an email address to send th

IntroductionWelcome to the Official Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide!By now, you should have read the Official Red Hat Linux Installation Guide and s

70 Chapter 7. Email ApplicationsFigure 7-4. KMail Main ScreenThe folders on the left side of the KMail screen allow you to view emails you have receiv

Chapter 7. Email Applications 71the toolbar:7.3. Mozilla MailThis section covers briefly the basic steps for sending and receiving mail with Mozilla. T

72 Chapter 7. Email ApplicationsFigure 7-7. Mozilla Mail New Email Message ScreenTo send an email, click on the Send button or go to File => Send N

Chapter 7. Email Applications 73Figure 7-8. Newsgroup Account SetupEnter your name and email address on the next screen and click Next. On the followi

74 Chapter 7. Email ApplicationsTo launch pine, type pine as a command at the system prompt. After starting pine, the Main Menuscreen appears.Figure 7

Chapter 7. Email Applications 75In the command menu above, the ^ character is used to indicate the Control key. This character meansyou must hold down

76 Chapter 7. Email ApplicationsThese messages are in a default mail folder, often called the mailspool, that you can think of as yourinbox. Use the [

Chapter 8.Printer ConfigurationThis chapter provides information on configuring, testing, and modifying a local printer with print-conf. For information

78 Chapter 8. Printer ConfigurationFigure 8-1. printconfThis chapter explains local printer configuration only, but five types of print queues can be con

Chapter 8. Printer Configuration 798.1. Adding a Local PrinterTo add a local printer such as one attached to the parallel port or USB port of your comp

viii IntroductionWeb BrowsingThe Official Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide has been reorganized to include a chapter onusing various Web browsers in

80 Chapter 8. Printer Configurationit to the printer device list. After selecting your printer device, click Next.Figure 8-4. Choosing a Printer Device

Chapter 8. Printer Configuration 81The new printer will appear in the printer list in the main window. Click the Apply button in themain window to save

82 Chapter 8. Printer ConfigurationFigure 8-6. Editing a Printer8.2.1. Names and AliasesIf you want to rename a printer, change the value of Queue Name

Chapter 8. Printer Configuration 838.2.4. Driver OptionsThe Driver Options tab displays advanced printer options. Options vary for each print driver. C

84 Chapter 8. Printer Configuration

Chapter 9.Audio, Video, and General AmusementThis chapter has been written to give you a look at the lighter side of Red Hat Linux. From games andtoys

86 Chapter 9. Audio, Video, and General Amusement9.3. Troubleshooting Your Sound CardIf, for some reason, you do not hear sound and know that you do h

Chapter 9. Audio, Video, and General Amusement 879.4. Troubleshooting Your Video CardVideo card configuration is handled during the Red Hat Linuxinstal

88 Chapter 9. Audio, Video, and General AmusementFigure 9-4. GNOME’s Wanda the FishOther applets you may find to be very useful; KDE’s World Clock pres

Chapter 9. Audio, Video, and General Amusement 89• http://www.linuxgamingnews.com/• http://happypenguin.org/You can also browse the Internet for "

Introduction ix[key]A key on the keyboard is shown in this style. For example:To use [Tab] completion, type in a character and then press the [Tab] ke

90 Chapter 9. Audio, Video, and General Amusement

Chapter 10.Working with ImagesThere are several types of image files. Some images are created using sophisticated software packages,while others are ma

92 Chapter 10. Working with ImagesTo increase and decrease the size of the viewed image in Nautilus, click on the magnifying glass iconon the location

Chapter 10. Working with Images 93Figure 10-5. The Open With... Dialog Box10.1.3. Using GQviewGQview is a powerful image viewer for GNOME desktop user

94 Chapter 10. Working with ImagesFigure 10-6. GQview Displaying a .jpg ImageThe interface of GQview is simple and straightforward. The toolbar allows

Chapter 10. Working with Images 95Figure 10-7. The GQview Options Dialog Box10.1.4. Electric EyesIf you want a quick and simple way of viewing one file

96 Chapter 10. Working with Images10.2. Manipulating Images with the GIMPThe GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) is a powerful tool that can be used

Chapter 10. Working with Images 97Figure 10-10. The Load Image DialogThe Load Image dialog displays your working directory — the directory you were in

98 Chapter 10. Working with Imagesand are ready to render the image, click OK. The GIMP will then render the image with the new effectapplied. Figure

Chapter 10. Working with Images 99chapter.10.3.1. Useful WebsitesThe Web has several sites of interest if you are looking for more detailed informatio